Rapid development in nanotechnology has produced several aspects for the nanotechnologists to look into. Nanofluid is one of the incredible outcomes of such advancement. They are best known for their remarkable change to enhanced heat transfer abilities. Viscosity is an important flow property of fluids that needs the same attention due to its very crucial impact on heat transfer. In the present work, viscosity of TiO2 nanofluids in saltwater are experimentally investigated to determine their applicability in different temperatures and volume fractions. All measurements have been done over a range of 20– 60° C for nanoparticle volumetric concentration of 0. 05– 0. 8%. It was observed that the viscosity of the nanofluid increases with the increasing concentration of TiO2 in the nanofluid. Usually, typical used carrier fluids are water, organic liquids (ethylene glycol, oil, biological liquids, etc. ), and polymer solutions and investigation of the nanofluid properties in salt-water as base fluid has been largely overlooked. This has been motivated us by the use of salt-water in this study.

The use of a proper leak detection system in pipelines is of crucial importance in water transmission systems. In these methods, we should consider the time and accuracy of leak detecting procedure for preventing energy loss and reducing environmental impacts. In these days, seawater transmission lines are used for cooling systems, and for injecting water into the oil wells to improve oil recovery. Due to the more environmental impacts of saltwater, the leak detection system must have appropriate accuracy and speed in leak detection. The purpose of this paper is to choose a leak detection system for a saltwater transmission line. First of all, the specifications of different leak detection systems are provided. Finally, according to the mentioned project conditions, the most suitable method-fiber optic system-is recommended for these conditions. The most important advantages of this system are high accuracy, rapid leak detecting, and the ability of online monitoring of other parameters, such as temperature distribution or detecting intrusion into the buried line areas. These abilities result in improving safety and optimizing operating costs.

This article presents advancements in the working of Single slope conventional solar still (CSS) through the integration of saltwater bottles. The saltwater contained within these bottles (totalling 40 in number) is dyed black to enhance its solar radiation absorption ability. Using their high heat capacity, these bottles efficiently store solar energy during peak radiation hours, subsequently releasing it during the evening or nocturnal periods. Results have demonstrated a consistent increase in the temperature of water within the Modified solar still (MSS) compared to its typical counterpart, notably observed after 14:00 h. Moreover, the cumulative yield obtained from the MSS surpasses that of the CSS variant by 25.4%. Augmentation with saltwater bottles has increased the efficiency of MSS by 25% as compared to the CSS. Furthermore, incorporation of saltwater bottles results in a notable reduction in the cost of distillate production, with a decline of 20%, as compared to the CSS. The study emphasises how using saltwater bottles as thermal energy storage reservoirs in solar distillation systems could have real-world applications. The results offer important information on enhancing the effectiveness and economic viability of water purification, especially in areas where there are issues with water scarcity.

There is a close connection between saltwater intrusion into aquifers and groundwater extraction. Freshwater extraction in coastal aquifers is one of the most important reasons for the saltwater intrusion into these aquifers. Condition of extraction system such as well depth, discharge rate, saltwater concentration and etc. could affect this process widely. Thus, investigating different extraction conditions comprises many management advantages. In the present study, the effects of freshwater extraction on saltwater interface displacement have been investigated in a laboratory box. Three different well depths (H) were considered with combinations of 3 different extraction rates (Q) and 3 saltwater concentrations (C) for detailed investigation of the effects of these factors variations on saltwater displacement. SEAWAT model has been used to simulate all the scenarios to numerically study of the process. The experimental and numerical results showed that when the C and Q rates were small and the well depth was shallow, the saltwater interface wouldn’t reach the extraction well, so the extracted water remained uncontaminated. When the C and Q rates were increased and the well was deepened, the salinity of the extracted water became higher. When the Q and C rates were high enough, in the shallow well depth, the final concentration of the extracted water was low but a huge part of the porous media was contaminated by the saltwater, furthermore when the well was deepened enough, the final concentration of the extracted water was increased but a small part of the porous media was contaminated by the saltwater. Finally, the results showed that when the Q and H rates were high enough, the extraction well behaved like a barrier and didn’t allow the advancing saltwater wedge toe to be intruded beyond the wells.